Ready Project

Finnaly Your Project is Ready!!!!

Please go through all posts on the blog. The links to all posts are given on this post- Basics of Project Making

If you Still have any doubts, Then feel free to contact me anytime.

Hope You guys Will get all the required things on my blog.

References

References-

Following references you may use in your Project work--

·         Rahman, M.T.; Kehtarnavaz, N. Real-time face-priority auto focus for digital and cell-phone cameras. IEEE Trans. Consume. Electron. 2008, 54, 1506–1513.

·         Zuo, F.; With, P. Real-time embedded face recognition for smart home. IEEE Trans. Consume. Electron. 2005, 51, 183–190.

·         Yang, M.H.; David, J.K.; Ahuja, N. Detecting faces in image: A survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel. 2002, 24, 34–58.

·         Yang, G.; Huang, T.S. Human face detection in complex background. Pattern Recognition. 1994, 27, 53–63.

·         Yow, K.C.; Cipolla, R. Feature-based human face detection. Image Vis. Compute. 1997, 15, 713–735.

·         Dai, Y.; Nakano, Y. Face-texture model based on SGLD and its application in face detection in a color scene. Pattern Recognition. 1996, 23, 1007–1017.

·         McKenna, S.; Gong, S.; Raja, Y. Modeling facial color and identity with Gaussian mixtures. Pattern Recognition. 1998, 31, 1883–1892.

·         Hsu, R.L.; Abdel-Mottaleb, M.; Jain, A.K. Face detection in color images. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel. 2002, 24, 696–706.

Programming

Programming-

            You know that Your hardware is nothing without the Software i.e. Program. So also writing a program in machine level language is also very difficult task. So to solve this problem, We use keil Compiler.

What are Keil Compilers?

            Telling in one line, Compilers are nothing but programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code

              Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is written and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.

STEPS TO WRITE AN ASSEMBLY / C LANGUAGE PROGRAM IN KEIL AND HOW TO COMPILE IT:

1. Install the Keil Software in the PC in any of the drives.
2. After installation, an icon will be created with the name “Keil uVision3”. Just drag this icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you try to write programs in keil.
3. Double click on this icon to start the keil compiler.
4. A page opens with different options in it showing the project workspace at the leftmost corner side, output window in the bottom and an ash coloured space for the program to be written.
5. Now to start using the keil, click on the option “project”.
6. A small window opens showing the options like new project, import project, open project etc. Click on “New project”.
7. A small window with the title bar “Create new project” opens. The window asks the user to give the project name with which it should be created and the destination location. The project can be created in any of the drives available. You can create a new folder and then a new file or can create directly a new file.
8. After the file is saved in the given destination location, a window opens where a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device for the target you have created.
9. The most widely used vendor is Atmel. So click on Atmel and now the family of microcontrollers manufactured by Atmel opens. You can select any one of the microcontrollers according to the requirement.
10. When you click on any one of the microcontrollers, the features of that particular microcontroller will be displayed on the right side of the page. The most appropriate microcontroller with which most of the projects can be implemented is the AT89C51. Click on this microcontroller and have a look at its features. Now click on “OK” to select this microcontroller.
11. A small window opens asking whether to copy the startup code into the file you have created just now. Just click on “No” to proceed further.
12. Now you can see the TARGET and SOURCE GROUP created in the project workspace.
13. Now click on “File” and in that “New”. A new page opens and you can start writing program in it.
14. After the program is completed, save it with any name but with the .asm or .c extension. Save the program in the file you have created earlier.
15. You can notice that after you save the program, the predefined keywords will be highlighted in bold letters.
16. Now add this file to the target by giving a right click on the source group. A list of options open and in that select “Add files to the source group”. Check for this file where you have saved and add it.
17. Right click on the target and select the first option “Options for target”. A window opens with different options like device, target, output etc. First click on “target”.
18. Since the set frequency of the microcontroller is 11.0592 MHz to interface with the PC, just enter this frequency value in the Xtal (MHz) text area and put a tick on the Use on-chip ROM. This is because the program what we write here in the keil will later be dumped into the microcontroller and will be stored in the inbuilt ROM in the microcontroller.
19. Now click the option “Output” and give any name to the hex file to be created in the “Name of executable” text area and put a tick to the “Create HEX file” option present in the same window. The hex file can be created in any of the drives. You can change the folder by clicking on “Select folder for Objects”.
20. Now to check whether the program you have written is errorless or not, click on the icon exactly below the “Open file” icon which is nothing but Build Target icon. You can even use the shortcut key F7 to compile the program written.
21. To check for the output, there are several windows like serial window, memory window, project window etc. Depending on the program you have written, select the appropriate window to see the output by entering into debug mode.
22. The icon with the letter “d” indicates the debug mode.
23. Click on this icon and now click on the option “View” and select the appropriate window to check for the output.
24. After this is done, click the icon “debug” again to come out of the debug mode.
25. The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the microcontroller with the help of another software called Proload.

PROLOAD:

Proload is a software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in the programmer kit and this is done by the Proload. Programmer kit contains a microcontroller on it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As this programmer kit requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above. It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts or from an adapter connected to 230 V AC.

1.      Install the Proload Software in the PC.

2.      Now connect the Programmer kit to the PC (CPU) through serial cable.

3.      Power up the programmer kit from the ac supply through adapter.

4.      Now place the microcontroller in the GIF socket provided in the programmer kit.

5.      Click on the Proload icon in the PC. A window appears providing the information like Hardware model, com port, device type, Flash size etc. Click on browse option to select the hex file to be dumped into the microcontroller and then click on “Auto program” to program the microcontroller with that particular hex file.

6.      The status of the microcontroller can be seen in the small status window in the bottom of the page.After this process is completed, remove the microcontroller from the programmer kit and place it in your system board. Now the system board behaves according to the program written in the microcontroller.

Circuit Design

Circuit Design – One Piece At A Time

Now, you have a block diagram of all the pieces you need to design your circuit.

.

Start With One Piece-

Pick one block from your block diagram.

Let’s say we start with the motor driver for our robot. In many cases, you can find an integrated circuit that has everything you need. And it usually comes with a datasheet that tells you how to use it.

But sometimes there are no suitable chips. So you will have to design the part yourself.

“But I don’t know how to design a motor driver!”, you say. “What should I do?”

The answer to this question is the key. So pay attention now 

You learn how to, or you find a circuit design that someone else has made.

It’s that simple. If you want to know how to design a radio transmitter, then learn how to design radio transmitters. If you want to know how to design an amplifier, then learn how to design amplifiers. If you want to know how to design a motor driver, then learn about how to design motor drivers.

This is just how it is. It is like this for me too. For instance, at the moment I have never tried to design a switch-mode power supply. So if I wanted to design that, then I would have to read up on it.

It Doesn’t Have To Take A Lot Of Time

Learning how to design a certain type of circuit doesn’t have to take a long time. It all depends on how much you want to learn. If you just want to find something that works for you, just read enough about the subject to understand what you need. Either from Electronic books or the web. Then find a circuit design from someone else that works for you. This doesn’t take much time.

But if you really want to become a master of designing this particular kind of circuit, you would of course have to invest some more time.

Connect All the Pieces

If you have gone through the circuit design process above for all the pieces of your circuit, all you need to do is to connect these parts in one circuit diagram.

So to sum it up – here is how you do circuit design of your own ideas from scratch:

• Define your circuit
• Make a block diagram of all the pieces you need for this circuit
• Design each piece (And if you don’t know how to – learn it)
• Put the pieces together in one schematic diagram

When you have your schematics ready, it’s time to learn how to design your circuit

Buying Component

Buying Components-

After  Block Diagram, Circuit diagram and Component Selection You Should buy the components that are used in your project.

The basic Components such as diodes, capacitor, resistors, cables, connectors, batteries, ets can be easily found in the local electronics instruments shop.

For major components such as microprocessors, LCD dislays, Sensors, RFID modules, peripherals, etc you can visit the online websites.

Making Circuit Diagram

Making Circuit Diagram-

*page under modification, Please revisit again*

Component Selection

Component Selection-

The second Question comes in mind after Block diagram is Which Component should be used in the project?

Deciding Components is very important as the costing and quality of output is depending on This factor

Making Block Diagram

Making Block Diagram-

Block Diagram Is Second Important part In Designing Your Project After Project Selection. Block Diagram helps you in Deciding Circuit diagram and also it gives you the direction of Your project work.

In drawing the Block diagram, You need to decide Following Things-

• Do you Require Power supply for Your project ?
• Do you Require Microprocessor? If yes then Which Microprocessor?
• Which Peripherals You need to use in your Project ?
• What are input devices?
• What are Output devices? 

After Getting Answers of above questions, You can Easily draw the Block diagram

How To select the Project

How To Select The Project-

Every year, many engineering scholars need to plan themselves for their major/final year projects. The final year project plays an extraordinary role in demonstrating the effectiveness of studying results of modules that the students have taken throughout their studies.

When the time comes, thousands of queries go out:

• What sort of project would it be a good idea for me to do?
• What steps would it be advisable for me to take?
• In what capacity might it be advisable for me to prepare the project report?
• By what technique would it be advisable for me to present my project?
• Would that project helpful for my career or not?

To overcome these questions, here we give basic ideas to select the final year projects for ECE students.

What kind of project must I do?

Always select the project that has the value addition. Don’t ever pick just any project that your advisor gave over it to you or your friend suggested it to you. As a graduate you should select a project which is either advantageous to a lot of people or enhance your technical skills and managerial both. Your project must play its role towards a positive growth/development in that specific field. So, do a need assessment of your project which will you know the need and value of the project.

Focus on your area of interest:

Many of graduates/engineers select their project without looking at their interest and select it blindly. This is not right way to selecting the project. Throughout the selection/finalizing of project, first of all know the basic things of the project, scope of the project and then select one of them which you will feel better for you.

If you are a electronics student, then there are four areas to do the project work, they are given below:

• Digital signal processing (DSP)
• VLSI
• Communication
• Embedded systems

One has to choose the project topic dependent upon the personal interest in subject, availability of resources and cost during the project design. An engineering project usually comprises of the design and implementation of the system.

If you choose the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) as your major project, DSP based projects allows the students to know the processing of the digital and audio signals. This projects mainly consists only simulation process using the MATLAB software, there is no hardware implementation in signal processing. The DSP projects are not only for Electronics students even EEE and EIE students may also choose.

If you choose VLSI Projects as your final year project, VLSI based projects allows the students to know VLSI system design and involves design of new ICs. VLSI projects are implemented from different vendors like Altera and Xilinx. The VLSI projects are not only for ECE students even EEE students may also choose. The ECE projects in VLSI can be using in communication technologies. Similarly EEE projects in VLSI can be on machine control, electrical communication etc.

Even with the extension of digital technology and remote transmission has never been more essential. Transmitters, wireless internet and bluetooth technology are changing day by day, how people communicate and transmit information. These all technologies depend on communication only. If you choose the Communication as your major project, then there are many Communications Projects using DTMF, GSM, PC, XBEE, RF, RFID and Smart Card.

• DTMF: DTMF is a new signaling technique, which is a identifying the keys or the number on a push button, using a combination of two frequencies high and low to identify the dialed numbers or a signal. There are many DTMF based projects developed for engineering students. 
• RF: Radio Frequency (RF) is based on the behavior of electromagnetic energy waves. The range of frequency about 3 kHz to 300 GHz. In baby monitors, wireless Internet routers and automatic garage doors are operates based on RF concepts. 
• RFID: RFID is a technology used to identify track and trace objects using radio waves, which consist barcodes and smart cards. There are many reasons to choose RFID projects, multiple memory maps stored in the open RFID tag and No battery required.
• Smart Card: Smart card contains an embedded microchip or microprocessor type that stores and transacts data used for cash payment, phone calling and many other applications. 
• XBee: The XBee is a series of modular products that make deploying wireless technology easy and cost-efficient. The XBee module can communicate up to 100 feet indoors or 300 feet outdoors. They ideal for low power and low cost applications. For idea we are giving some XBee Projects, 
• GSM: GSM systems widely used mobile communication system in the world. It is used in transaction terminals, supply chain management, safety/security applications and weather stations. 
• Embedded: If you choose embedded projects as your final year project, the embedded system based projects allows the students to know the real time applications. There are many reasons to choose the embedded systems projects, because of ease of demonstration, cost efficient, easy to understand and explain etc. There are many microcontrollers to develop the embedded systems like 8051, AVR and PIC. The large number of embedded systems uses the 8051 microcontroller for doing the projects. Because, the 8051 board we can quickly and easily learn the 8051 programming. By using 8051 microcontroller we can programmed and reprogrammed.

Importance of Final year/Major Project:

No matter what sort of project you select, make sure that you take time to consider all the pertinent factors. There many reasons to say final year projects are important:

• The major project is the greatest single piece of work we will do throughout our graduation.
• That allows us to specialize in a subject we are delight in.
• It allows us to show off an extensive variety of the skills and knowledge studied during our graduation.
• It empowers integration of material learned in the course.
• In the interview point view, the employees will most likely ask questions about the project.

Basics of Project making

                                          Basics

                                  Here You Will Get Compete Full Stop for Your Final Year Electronics Projects. We will cover the Following  topics   one by one in our blog----

1. How to Select the Final Year Projects?
2. Making Block Diagram
3. Selecting Specification of Component to be used in Projects
4. Drawing circuit diagram
5. Buying Components
6. Circuit Designing 
7. Programming
8. Your Project is ready!!!